qQuantum Mechs
qQuantum Mechs
Bibliography
Quantum Fields: The Real Building Blocks of the Universe - with David Tong
QM FACTulty
>Photons are the most abundant particle in the unierse followed by neutrinos
>Quantum field theory
>Theory of relativity 1905 replaced ether for. Emty space as the medium that carriers elec magnetic impulse.
>There is P articles : elec prot neu ( that produce matter)
>And Fields : forces produce by that Particles (matter)
>1929 Hesinberg n Palie proposed a more unified framework: They described PartIicles n >Fields as manifestations of deeper reality : Quantum Fields: electrons bundles of electric field, neutrinos bundles of the neutrino field. This theory at the beginning was used to explain Einstein's explanation of Photons or light particles. Now is a generalised theory
Ask right questions:
what was before big bang 15,7Bn yrs ago?.
Which temperature was something after reaching absolute Zero? We can not extract more heat after Abs 0.
We can also know the north of Any city but not the north of north pole
San augustine said God created time so is wrong to ask what was b4 god.nothing before its creation
>The formula that predicts everything:
According to our best theories of physics, the fundamental building blocks of matter are not particles, but continuous fluid-like substances known as 'quantum fields'. David Tong explains what we know about these fields, and how they fit into our understanding of the Universe. Watch the Q&A here: https://youtu.be/QUMeKDlgKmk Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe David Tong is a professor of theoretical physics at Cambridge University, specialising in quantum field theory. The Ri is on Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-po... Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter
There's A New Form Of Matter That Exists In Four Dimensions!
Quantum Computing
QCompu uses two quantum states of nature: Superposition and entanglement.
The state of one qBit will depend on the stated of the other qBits adjacent. So one calculation unit is not a zero or a one but and array of 1s and zeros… i.e. and Array of 16 qBits or Zeros and ones, creating thus circuit units. This Allows to calculate figures that are impossible for conventional c .
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
A classical 2n computer is a 2x number of bits… So a
2x50 bits = 100
2x100 bits = 200
2x200 bits = 400
… calculates once and add 1 to the Iteration to re calculate the result and repeat adding 1 to the next Iteration.
A qBit computer 2^n Bits can represent 2 to the power number of bits states it represents per calculation. For example a 2^5 qBits chip computer can represent 2^50= states of the qBits per cycle or Iteration.
2^5 = 32 will represent 32 at once
2^10 = 32///
2^15 = 32.768
2^20 = 1’048.576
2^25 = 33’554.432
2^30 = 1’/////
2^50 at once///
Can evaluate 2^50 qBit’s states at once
Fundamentals of Quantum Theory
We’re Close to a Universal Quantum Computer, Here’s Where We're At
Alexa Staley
3 States
Superposition States
Entanglement States
This is a special form of superposition
Allows 2x particles to behave like a pair of gloves. But they not only interact together but also can can connect to other adjacent. This is powerful in terms of networking research and patterns.
De-Coherance
Its how long the qInformation or state last in the qBit. 100 or 200 microseconds, as the extra energy produce by the calculation will make it collapse.
Its the most difficult problem.
qBITS
They can be in any combination of 1s and 0s,
Ordinary BIT: have to States like a coin on a table : 1 or 0, (On and Off, False or True, etc)
For example the letter “A” has a binary code of : 001000110. So a sentence or paragraphs can be represented by a matrix of binary numbers (1s or 0s). So, when you type the letter “A” in the keyboard you actually activate the number 001000110, When the screen reads the number 001000110, it displays the “A” letter in the screen… and so on.
qBits : Have both states at the same time. Like a coin spinning on a table : 1 and 0 .
qChips
Uses Superconductive qBits which is a piece of metal supporting a silicon chip which contains the circuits. That is why the clean rooms because if any particle lands in the silicon can shortcut the silicone circuit. .
When one freeze the chip to nearly 0 the metal become superconductor and the electrons in the silicon chip move almost freely , flow without electrical resistance so they acquire a qstate.
One can do it with normal computer chips..
qChips contains packages of qBits;
Started with 16qBits chips …
Google 72 qBiits qchps
Applications of Quantum Computers:
First and foremost understand how nature works
2500 BC - Abacus. Counting digits.
20Th Century - Conventional computers : Counting Transistors On or Off
21Th Century - qComputers : Counting Arrays of Transistors On or Off
The industrial revolution happend because the advancements in thermodinamics that led to the use of steam propelled machines.
The age of Maxwell laws discovers and the age of electrical machines..
The underline building blocks to represent Data remains the same. 2 Digits.
But, nature doesnt computes in 2 Bits but uses quantum computing. Nature doesnt store information in zeros and ones… Nature Folows q computing laws, so uses quantum computing processe. qComputer can solve complex mathematical problems that are off the reach of conventional c. where qComputers are required.
For example why a leaves are green..
Fierman found that biological cell responded to quantum behaviour.. But the ammount of computing required to simulate the complex nature were an inhibitor…
Then they say “ why not to build something like nature does, a machine that can calculte like nature does. So why we dont learn from nature and simulate nature” so the quantum computer was born.
Super calculations or Machine Learning
Solving Hard Optimisation problems
Hard optimisation is inhibited in conventional computing. Can not be performed in any available computer the planet. Because they use Energy landscapes.
These problems are so hard to solve because one can be stacked in a local minima but without seeing the other minimas.. So the companies uses experts that can intuit the minimal and solve these problems … It is very hard to find the optimal minima i.e. shortest route.
Buy , qBits can tunnel the other minimas and find the optimal minima pretty easy.
Financial, Weather and traffic modelling
Optimising Financial systems by modelling and track behaviour to optimise (more accurately ) and evaluate financial system trends..
Will optimise Traffic routes for people or delivery systems schedule of works, by helping to find the best route i.e. optimal route; shortest distance in a traffic network.
RSA- 2048 Encryption - challenge problem
2x large prime numbers multiplied together is hard to calculte. It will take a conventional computer 1 B years.
qComputers can solve this problem in 100 seconds
The fastest conventional computer is in china 93 TeraFlops. it can simulate the properties of the caffein molecule but if the molecule gets a bit more complex i e FeMoco Molecule it would take this computer longer than the time of the universe to simulate the chemical; properties of this molecules… So research on certain type of molecules chemical properties is out of reach as molecular modelling is not possible.
Simulate cell behaviour
A classical compu can not simulate what a cell could do in the human body. Pharma firms has spent hundreds of M of dollars in trying to figure out this.
Nitrogen fixation
To make artificial fertilisers (Ammonia), we take nitrogen from the atmosphere and converted in ammonia. is very difficult because the bond is a the triple combilant bond and is hard to break.. To get rid of the bond we use a process 100 years old and was invented in germany.
The Haber Bosch Process
High temperature high pressure and consumes 3% of the world's natural gas resource.
But nature does more easily. Break bonds..Like before industrial farming, farmers rotate the crops through.
They rotated with beans, because beans have the property of adding Nitrogen to the soil. Beans have a bacteria that lives in the roots of the beams and that bacteria produce and enzyme they produce PolNiTrogenist an enzyme that can cut through that bodages that holds the 2 Nitrogens together and release the 1 Hidrogen to the atmosphere..
But we dont have computer power to simulate that enzyme NiTrogenist . this would take even longer than the life of the universe (13.9 B Years)..
This is a Catalysis problem and q computers are that catalysis
Carbon Capture
Material Science
Security and Encryption
qComputers will empower by 400 times conventional computing power.
qComputers behind the scenes
Quantum Computers science Avatar / ex-Lecturer
Aram Harrow MIT
qBit - two level system
Nuclear spin
Photon polarisation
Ion e _ State
Topological degree of freeedom
1 qubit = 2 dimensions
N qubits = 2^n dimensions
Quantum C Firms:
Proposal for 50 qbits universal Q computer (Qc) in 2-10 years using superconductors and ion traps.
Ibm
Yesterday, at the First International Workshop on Quantum Software and Quantum Machine Learning(QSML), Google decided to enter the race by releasing the first public alpha of Cirq.
Microsoft
Quantum Developer Kit : Q#.
Alibaba
Rigetti
Andrew Bestwick
CogX
Intel
IBN
Psitech
ionQ
Quantum Circuit inc,
home
Quantum Computers Projects
D-Wave
1000 noisy qbits
1x qbit QxBranch lockheed martin
QxBranch is collaborating with IBM Q to Accelerate Quantum Computing
Quantum Computer Programming basics
https://hackernoon.com/google-cirq-and-the-new-world-of-quantum-programming-6bc849190a70
Programming the circuits on quantum machines. Solid-state qubits have been be scaled up into fault-tolerant quantum computers.
Cirq: An Open Source Framework for NISQ Algorithms.
With the availability of Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers (devices with ~50 - 100 qubits and high fidelity quantum gates),
The initial version of Cirq has been implemented in Python and is available on Github.
Circuits
Any quantum programin Cirq starts is abstracted by one of two fundamental classes: a Ciruit or a Schedule. In Cirq, a Cirquit[capital C] represents the most basic form of a quantum circuit[lowercase c]. A Cirq Circuit is represented as a collection of Moments which include operations that can be executed on Qubits during some abstract slide of time.
The syntax for combining Circuit, Moments and Operations in Cirq is fairly simple as shown in the following code.
Devices
The Device construct in Cirq represents the constraints of a specific type of quantum hardware. For instance, most hardware only allows certain gates to be enacted on qubits. Or, as another example, some gates may be constrained to not be able to run at the same time as neighboring gates
Schedules & Devices
A Schedule is another form of quantum circuit that includes more detailed information about the timing and duration of the gates. Conceptually, a Schedule is made up of a set of ScheduledOperations as well as a description of the Device on which the schedule is intended to be run. Each ScheduledOperation is made up of a timewhen the operation starts and a duration describing how long the operation takes, in addition to the Operation itself.
In the following code, we take a Circuit on a specific type of Device and convert it to a Schedule using a single call:
from cirq.google.xmon_gates import ExpWGate
circuit = cirq.Circuit()
CZ = Exp11Gate(half_turns=1.0)
X = ExpWGate(half_turns=1.0)
circuit.append([CZ(device.qubits[0], device.qubits[1]), X(device.qubits[0])])
print(circuit)
schedule = cirq.moment_by_moment_schedule(device, circuit)
Gates
In Cirq, Gates abstract operations on collections of qubits. To apply a Gate on a qubit, we simply call its On method as shown in the following code:
from cirq.ops import CNOT
from cirq.devices import GridQubit
q0, q1 = (GridQubit(0, 0), GridQubit(0, 1))
print(CNOT.on(q0, q1))
print(CNOT(q0, q1))
# prints
# CNOT((0, 0), (0, 1))
# CNOT((0, 0), (0, 1))
Simulators
Cirq includes a Python simulator that can be used to run Circuits and Schedules. The Simulator architecture can scale across multiple threads and CPUs which allows it to run fairly sophisticated Circuits. The following code uses a Simulator modeled after the Google’s Xmom architecture:
from cirq.google import XmonSimulator
simulator = XmonSimulator()
result = simulator.run(circuit)
print(result)
# prints something like
# q0=1 q1=1
Early Adopters
Even though Cirq was just announced yesterday, it already includes an all-star group of early adopters:
· Zapata Computing: simulation of a quantum autoencoder (example code, video tutorial)
· QC Ware: QAOA implementation and integration into QC Ware’s AQUA platform (example code, video tutorial)
· Quantum Benchmark: integration of True-Q software tools for assessing and extending hardware capabilities (video tutorial)
· Heisenberg Quantum Simulations: simulating the Anderson Model
· Cambridge Quantum Computing: integration of proprietary quantum compiler t|ket> (video tutorial)
· NASA: architecture-aware compiler based on temporal-planning for QAOA (slides) and simulator of quantum computers (slides)
Additionally, Google announced the release of OpenFermion-Cirq. The framework uses a OpenFermion quantum chemistry platform and adds an open source library that compiles quantum simulation algorithms to Cirq.
Quantum computing requires a new type of programming language and efforts like Cirq and Microsoft’s Q# are the first steps to bring quantum computing to mainstream developers. The next version of Cirq is likely to include better tooling and libraries that abstract even more important constructs to build the next generation of quantum applications.
Quantum Computer Programming avatar / ex-Lecturer
Components of Quantum Computers
Software and Applications SN
Algorithms and real world application. Full integration with Azure, scalable software. Troubleshooting, quantum classical interface,
Cryogenic Computer Control SW Systems (Cooling / Refrigeration Systems)
Delusional refrigerators…to reach 10 15 milliKelvin. Blows Helium Gas to the refrigerator so that the refri extract heat out the qchip . The refrigerator uses Coaxial cables , Attenuators, semi amplifiers.
In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.
Quantum Computer
The Manipulator
To control the qBits the qComputers use a translator or manipulator. That send pulses or signals to the qBits . Also a resonator which is sencitive to the state of the qBits. It allow us to see and read the state of the qBit as its state changes in response to the state of the qBits.
IBM Q
Read More:
Quantum Computing and the New Space Race
http://nationalinterest.org/feature/q...
“In January 2017, Chinese scientists officially began experiments using the world’s first quantum-enabled satellite, which will carry out a series of tests aimed at investigating space-based quantum communications over the course of the next two years.”
Quantum Leap in Computer Simulation
https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articl...
“Ultimately it will help us understand and test the sorts of problems an eventually scaled-up quantum computer will be used for, as the quantum hardware is developed over the next decade or so.”
How Quantum Computing Will Change Your Life
https://www.seeker.com/quantum-comput...
“The Perimeter Institute of Theoretical Physics kicked off a new season of live-streamed public lectures featuring quantum information expert Michele Mosca.”
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UUR MOOC Computer science
Bibliography and Resources
Microsoft virtual academy has everything from Coding to Hardware, cloud to website
development.
Windows Networking fundementals http://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/trainingcourses/networking-fundamentals
Windows Security Fundementals https://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/enUS/training-courses/security-fundamentals-8283
Windows Database Fundementals https://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/enUS/training-courses/database-fundamentals-8243
Windows 7 Deploying http://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/trainingcourses/deploying-windows-7
Windows 8 Deploying http://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/trainingcourses/deploying-windows-8
Windows 8 Troubleshooting https://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com/en-US/trainingcourses/troubleshooting-windows-8-8227
Windows 7 70-680 exam prep
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFDB3092A28437EEE
Linux + https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCDA423AB5CEC8FDB
Udacity https://www.udacity.com/courses/all
All courses are free and the MVA ones provide a cert of completion. Others you can self-study and
certificate if you wish.
MOOCS (massively online open courses)
EDX.org https://www.edx.org/course (computer science but there are other areas)
Future learn https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/categories/online-and-digital
ALISON https://alison.com/learn/information-technology
Udemey https://www.udemy.com/courses/search/?q=free
Coursera https://www.coursera.org/
Open Learn (OU) http://www.open.edu/openlearn/about-openlearn/try
Learn direct course http://www.learndirect.com/maths-english-it/it/itq i think it’s free but you
would have to check if it’s in your area.
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